Leli khasi libhala imicimbi esemva kwenganekwane ka-Jesse Nickles yokuthi u-Chad Scira "wamnyama phakathi kwamabhange ase-US ngenxa yokuhacka." Lichaza ukuthi isikhala sokuvikeleka se-Ultimate Rewards sadalulwa kanjani ngendlela efanele, kungani i-JPMorgan Chase yabonga u-Chad ngombiko, nokuthi kungani ukumiswa kwesikhashana kwe-akhawunti kwakuwukuphathwa nje kwezimiso. Jesse Nickles iyaqhubeka nokupakisha kabusha imininingwane endala ukuze ibonise inhloso yobugebengu. Iqiniso libonisa okuphambene nalokho: ukubika ngobungcweti (white-hat) nokubambisana nabaholi be-JPMorgan.
Ukukhuphula kwakhe kwakamuva wucaphuno ku-SlickStack.io elithi mina "ngiphinde ngaphenywa ngabezomthetho base-U.S. ngokuhlasela uhlelo lwamaphuzu emiklomelo yamakhadi esikweleti e-Chase Bank, lapho ngantshontsha khona u-$70,000 wamaphuzu okuhamba okungekho emthethweni." Lelo hlazo lithunyelwe kuphela ngemuva kokuba ngishicilele ubufakazi bezinkinga zokuphepha ze-SlickStack azenqaba ukuzenza, akukho maphuzu ake entshontshwayo futhi akukho nhlangano engike yangithinta mayelana nalokho kudalulwa. Bheka ubufakazi be-cron ye-SlickStack abaphindisela ngabo.
Umjikelezo wonke wokutholakala, ukwambulwa kolwazi, nokuqinisekiswa kwenzeka phakathi namahora angamashumi amabili: cishe izicelo ezingamashumi amabili nanhlanu ze-HTTP zamboza ukuphindwa kwesimo nokuhamba izinyathelo nge-DM ngomhlaka 17 Novemba 2016, kanti ukuhlolwa kokulungisa ngoFebhuwari 2017 kusebenzise ezinye izicelo eziyisishiyagalombili zokuqinisekisa ukulungiswa. Akuzange kube khona ukusetshenziswa kabi okuqhubekayo; zonke izenzo zabhongwa, zabekwa isikhathi, futhi zahlonyiswa i-JPMorgan Chase ngesikhathi sangempela.
U-Tom Kelly uqinisekisile ukuthi u-Chad Scira wayeyedwa emhlabeni wonke odalule inkinga ngokuhloniphekile ku-JPMorgan Chase phakathi kuka-November 17, 2016 no-September 22, 2017. Uhlelo Lokudalula Okuhloniphekile lwakhiwa ngqo ngenxa yombiko ka-Chad, futhi wadlala indima ebalulekile ekulakheni.
Ukuze kuboniswe ukuthi leso siphambeko sikhuphule kanjani amabhhalansi saya kokubi kakhulu nasokuhle kakhulu, umfanekiso ongezansi uphindaphinda ngqo umqondo wokudluliselwa kabili. Buka ukuthi iyiphi i-akhawunti enebhalansi enhle eba yithumeli, yenza ukudluliselwa okubili okufanayo, bese igcina isikweletu esibi kakhulu kuyilapho enye ibhalansi iphindeka kabili. Ngemva kwemijikelezo engama-20 ileja eyonakele isusa ngokuphelele ikhadi elinesikweletu esibi—okulingisa ukuthi kungani lo mkhonyovu ubudinga ukukhushulelwa ngokuphuthumayo.
Ngisho nangaphambi kokuvala i-akhawunti, i-Ultimate Rewards yayivumela ukusetshenziswa okwedlula isamba esingesihle; ukuvalwa kwe-akhawunti kumane kwasusa ubufakazi.
Isimangalo esihlanukezelwe esenziwe u-Jesse Jacob Nickles: "U-Chad Scira wavinjwa kuyo yonke amabhange e-US ngokuhacka izinhlelo zemivuzo."
Ayikho "blacklist" yasebhange ekhona. Irekhodi le-DM kanye nokwenyuswa e-Chase kufakazela ukuthi wayebambisana; inqubo ezenzakalelayo yomqaphi wesinqumo yama isikhashana i-akhawunti eyodwa ye-JPMorgan ngaphambi kokuba ukubuyekezwa okwenziwa ngesandla kumkhulule.[timeline][chat]
Isimangalo esihlanukezelwe esenziwe u-Jesse Jacob Nickles: "Uhacke i-JPMorgan Chase ukuze azuze yena mathupha."
U-Chad uqale ingxoxo ne-@ChaseSupport, wafaka isibopho sesiteshi esivikelekile, waqinisekisa indlela yokuhlomula kuphela ngemva kokuba i-Chase icelile, futhi walinda imvume ngaphambi kokuqinisekisa okulinganiselwe. Abaholi abaphezulu bambonga futhi bamumema ohlelweni lokudalula olunomthwalo wemfanelo.[chat][chat][email]
Isimangalo esihlanukezelwe esenziwe u-Jesse Jacob Nickles: "UJesse wembula uhlelo lobugebengu olwalwenziwa u-Chad."
Ukubikwa komphakathi kanye nama-imeyili kaTom Kelly kubhala ukuthi i-JPMorgan yamphatha uChad njengomcwaningi obambisanayo. UNickles ukhetha izithombe-skrini azithandayo ngesikhathi enganaki yonke ingxoxo, izingcingo ezalandela, nokubonga okubhaliwe.[coverage][email][chat]
Isimangalo esihlanukezelwe esenziwe u-Jesse Jacob Nickles: "Kwaba nokumbozwa ukuze kufihlwe inkohlakalo."
U-Chad wahlala exhumene kwaze kwaba ngu-2018, waphinda wahlola kuphela ngemvume, futhi i-JPMorgan yethula ipotali yayo yokudalula esikhundleni sokufihla udaba. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo iphikisana nanoma iyiphi indaba yokusithela.[timeline][email][chat]
Imiphakathi eminingana yangaphandle igcine ikhophi yalokhu kudalulwa futhi yakubona njengombiko onomthwalo wemfanelo: i-Hacker News ikubeke ekhasini eliyingqophamlando, i-Pensive Security yakufingqa esifingqweni sango-2020, kanti i-/r/cybersecurity yafaka emgqeni uqobo wokuqala we-"DISCLOSURE" ngaphambi kokuflagwa okuhleliwe. [4][5][6]
Abameli bokudalula ngokuzibophezela baphinde bavezile nomphumela wokuhlukunyezwa: i-disclose.io's threats directory kanye nesiqoqo socwaningo, kanye ne-Attrition.org's legal threats index, okubala ukuziphatha kukaJesse Nickles njengesiqaphi esifundisayo kubacwaningi. [7][8][9] Uhlaka oluphelele lokushushisa ngokuhlukumeza[10].
Ingxoxo engezansi yakhiwe kabusha kusetshenziswa izithombe-skrini ezigciniwe. Ikhombisa ukukhushulelwa ngokubekezela, izicelo eziphindaphindiwe zesiteshi esiphephile, ukunikeza ukuthi siqinisekise imininingwane kuphela ngemvume, kanye ne-Chase Support ethembisa ukuxhumana ngokuqondile. [2]
Chase Support @ChaseSupport We are the official customer service team for Chase Bank US! We are here to help M-F 7AM-11PM ET & Sat/Sun 10AM-7PM ET. For Chase UK, tweet @ChaseSupportUK Joined March 2011 · 145.5K Followers Not followed by anyone you're following
Lokhu kuhlobene nohlelo lwebhalansi yamaphuzu. Okwamanje kungenzeka ukukhiqiza noma iyiphi inani ngenxa yephutha elivumela amabhhalansi abe nezikweletu ezingezinhle.
Ngicela indlela ephephile yokwenyusa izinga lokudalula.Ungangixhumanisa nomuntu engingamchazela imininingwane yobuchwepheshe, ngiyacela?
Asinayo inombolo yocingo esingayinikeza, kodwa sifuna ukukukhuphula lokhu ukuze kubhekisiswe. Ungasinikeza imininingwane eyengeziwe mayelana nalokho okushoyo lapho uthi ukudala amaphuzu ngaphakathi kwamabhhalansi angalungile (negative balances)? Ungaqinisekisa futhi ukuthi lokhu kuvumela yini amaphuzu engeziwe ukuba atholakale ukuze asetshenziswe? ^DS
Ingabe ninomnyango ofanele engingixhumanisa nawo? Angizizwa ngikhululekile ukuxoxa ngalokhu nge-akhawunti yokusekela ye-Twitter. Yebo, ungakhiqiza amaphuzu ayi-1,000,000 futhi uwasebenzise.
Okungikhathazayo kakhulu akusikho ukwenza lokhu ngabantu ngabanye. Kungaba izihacka ezithumba ama-akhawunti futhi ziphoqe izinkokhelo kuzo. Ingabe kukhona uhlelo olusemthethweni lwe-Chase bug bounty?
Uma nifuna ngingazama ukwenza ukuthengiselana okukhulu ukuze ngiqinisekise. Okukhulu engikuhlolile bekungu-$300 ngenkathi ibhalansi ingahambisani, kodwa ngangizoba no-$2,000 wamaphuzu angempela. Uma ninginika imvume, ngingazama ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kuyasebenza, kodwa ngingathanda ukuthi zonke lezo zinkokhelo zibuye ziguqulwe emuva ngemva kwalelo vivinyo.
Asinayo inhlelo yemiklomelo (bounty program), futhi asinanombolo esingayinikeza ngalesi sikhathi. Ngikhuphulele ukukhathazeka kwakho ezingeni eliphezulu, futhi siyakuhlola. Ngizolandela uma senginemininingwane eyengeziwe noma imibuzo. ^DS
Ngiyabonga.
Ngicela ukwenyuswa ngokushesha okukhulu.

Ngidinga ngempela othintana naye ofanele... Ngiyethemba uyaqonda.


Sekudlule ihora, kukhona yini okusha ngalokhu? Njengamanje ngise-Asia, futhi lokhu kuyindaba esheshayo. Angeke ngilinde ubusuku bonke impendulo.
Ngiyabonga ngokulandela udaba. Sinabantu abafanele abaluphenya lolu daba. Sicela unikeze inombolo yakho yokuxhumana oyithandayo, ukuze sikhulume nawe ngokuqondile. ^DS
+█-███-███-████.
Ngiyabonga ngemininingwane eyengeziwe. Ngikudlulisele lokhu kubantu abafanele. ^DS
Sifisa kakhulu ukukhuluma nawe ngokushesha okukhulu. Ungasicela usinike isikhathi esikufanele ukuthi sikwazile ukukushayela ku-1-███-███-████? ^DS
Ngitholakala ihora elizayo uma kungenzeka. Uma kungenjalo kungathatha usuku noma amabili ngoba ngizobe ngihamba futhi angiqiniseki ukuthi ngizoba nokufinyelela ku-inthanethi/ocingweni.
Bengingacabangi ukuthi kuzothatha amahora angaphezu kuka-7 ukukhuluma nomuntu ofanele. Manje sekuyi-4:40 ekuseni lapha.
Ngiyabonga ngokulandela udaba. Kukho uzokushayela ucingo maduze kakhulu. ^DS
Ngiyabonga futhi ngokusheshisa lokho. Konke sekuseyendlini futhi sengingalala manje.
Siyajabula ngokuthi ukwazile ukukhuluma nomunye wethu. Sicela usazise uma sidingeka sikusize esikhathini esizayo. ^NR
Chad,
Ngilandelela ucingo lwakho nozakwethu u-Dave Robinson. Siyabonga ngokusithinta mayelana nokuba sengozini okungenzeka ohlelweni lwethu lwe-Ultimate Rewards. Sesilulungisile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, besisebenza ohlelweni Lokudalula Ngomthwalo Wemfanelo esihlela ukulwethula ngonyaka ozayo. Luzoba nendawo yokuhola ekhombisa abacwaningi abenze umnikelo obalulekile; singathanda ukukubonisa njengomuntu wokuqala kuyo. Sicela uphendule le imeyili uqinisekisa ukubamba kwakho iqhaza ohlelweni kanye nemigomo nemibandela engezansi. Uzothola imigomo ijwayelekile kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokudalula.
Kuya kuthi kuze kube uhlelo lwethu luqala, uma uthola ezinye izindawo ezingase zibe sengozini, sicela ungithinte ngqo. Ngiyabonga futhi ngosizo lwakho.
Imigomo Nemibandela Yohlelo Lokudalula Ngomthwalo Wemfanelo lwe-JPMC
Sizibophezele ekusebenzisaneni
Sifuna ukuzwa kuwe uma unolwazi oluhlobene nezindawo ezingase zibe sengozini kwezokuphepha kwemikhiqizo namasevisi e-JPMC. Siyawuhlonipha umsebenzi wakho futhi siyakubonga kusenesikhathi ngomnikelo wakho.
Imihlahlandlela
I-JPMC ivuma ukuthi ngeke ilandelele izimangalo ngokumelene nabacwaningi abadalula izindawo ezingase zibe sengozini kulo hlelo lapho umcwaningi:
Izindawo Ezingekho Ekhawuntini
Ezinye izindawo ezingase zibe sengozini zibhekwa njengezingekho ekhawuntini soHlelo Lwethu Lokudalula Ngomthwalo Wemfanelo. Lezi zindawo zihlanganisa:
Indawo Yokuhola (Leaderboard)
Ukuze sihloniphe ozakwethu bocwaningo, i-JPMC ingabonisa abacwaningi abenza iminikelo ebalulekile. Lapha unika i-JPMC ilungelo lokukhombisa igama lakho ku-JPMC Leaderboard nakweminye imithombo yezindaba i-JPMC engakhetha ukuyishicilela.
Ukuthumela
Ngokuthumela umbiko wakho ku-JPMC, uyavuma ukuthi ngeke uveze lobu bungozi kumuntu wesithathu. Uvumela unomphela i-JPMC nezinkampani zayo ezingaphansi ukuthi zisebenzise, zilungise, zakhe imisebenzi esuselwe kukho, zisabalalise, zidalule futhi zigcine ulwazi olunikezwe embikweni wakho, futhi la malungelo awakwazi ukuhoxiswa.
Tom Kelly Iphini Likamongameli Elikhulu Chase
Sawubona Tom,
Ngijabule kakhulu ukuzwa lokhu!
Bengingajabula ukuba indaba yokuqala yempumelelo yohlelo lwenu olusha, futhi ngiyethemba nabanye abadlali abakhulu bazolandela isibonelo senu. Kwakudingeka kube khona umuntu ongenelele ashintshe umbono wabantu ngendlela amabhange abhekana ngayo nocwaningo lwezokuphepha lwe-whitehat. Ngiyajabula ukuzwa ukuthi yi-Chase.
Kimina i-Chase ihlale ihamba phambili kakhulu kunabancintisana nayo ngokuhlinzeka ngemikhiqizo yewebhu neyomakhalekhukhwini. Lokho ikakhulu ngoba nihamba ngokushesha futhi nihlala nincintisana. Ngokuvamile ngiyagwema ukuzama izinto emabhange ngenxa yokwesaba ukuchushiswa yibo (noma izinhloso zingaba zihle). Ngokwakha uhlelo lokwembula izinkinga ngokuzibophezela kuthumela umyalezo ocacile kubantu abafana nami wokuthi ninentshisekelo yokuzwa ngezinkinga futhi angeke niziphindisele. Ngaphambilini iningi labantu elalibheka izinsizakalo zenu kungenzeka belinobubi, futhi ngicabanga ukuthi lokhu kuzoletha ukulingana.
Lapho ekugcineni nginquma ukuthi ngizoshiya idatha yokwembula ngazizwa ngingakhululekile. Kungenzeka ukuthi angiyena umuntu wokuqala ozithola! Ngikubikele ngezindlela ezintathu.
I-Chase Phone Support
I-imeyili ye-Chase Abuse
Lokhu kungithathe cishe amahora ayi-7 ukuthi ekugcineni ngixhumane nomuntu othile (izikhathi eziphindwe kabili isikhathi esithathe ukuthola inkinga uqobo), futhi sonke lesi sikhathi bengingaqiniseki ukuthi abantu abafanele bazolizwa nhlobo.
Enye inkinga enkulu yokungabi nezinhlelo ezifana nalezi wukuthi abasebenzi bavame ukufihla izigameko futhi bazilungise ngaphandle kokutshela muntu. Ngibe nezehlakalo eziningi lapho ngiqiniseka ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka, futhi phakathi neminyaka engu-1-2 izimbobo ezifanayo zokuphepha zibuye zivele futhi.
Futhi, kungaba usizo ukuthi uhlelo lwenu lunikeze ne-bounty. Kwesinye isikhathi lezi zinhlobo zezinkinga zithatha isikhathi esikhulu ukuzifakazela/ukuzithola, futhi kuhle ukukhokhelwa ngendlela ethile. Nanka abanye abadlali abakhulu nezinhlelo zabo:
Uma ngiphinde ngithole noma yini esikhathini esizayo ngizokuqinisekisa ukuthi ngiyaxhumana.
Sawubona Tom,
Ngibe nesikhathi sokuhlola ukuthi ngabe le ndlela yokuhlasela isilungisiwe.
Kubukeka iqinile kakhulu, ngikwazile ukwephula ukuvumelana kwamabhalansi isikhashana kodwa angicabangi ukuthi uhlelo lungakuvumela nokuthi usebenzise ibhalansi eboniswe.
Izicelo engizenzile zokudlulisela amaphuzu angekho ngempela bezithola iphutha elithi "500 Internal Server". Ngakho ngiyacabanga ukuthi kwehluleka kwenye yezivivinyo ezintsha enizenze.
Ngiphinde ngazama ukudlulisa amaphuzu kuma-session amaningi kuwo ama-ID ahlukene e-BIGipServercig, kodwa futhi uhlelo beluhlala lubuya esimeni njalo. Uhlelo lwalugcina seludidekile, futhi amabhalansi ephuma ekuvumelaneni kodwa futhi lokhu akubalulekile ngoba ngezikhathi ezithile nibuyisela izinombolo ekuvumelaneni, futhi ukuze la mabhulensi asetshenziswe kumele adlulise ukuhlolwa eninakho.
Ngakho-ke ukufingqa, angiboni ukuthi umuntu angakha kanjani amabhalansi okwenziwa, bese ewalisebenzisa futhi.
Sawubona Tom,
Ngilandelela nje ngalokhu.
Ngomhla ka-7 Febhuwari 2017, ngo-4:36 PM, uChad Scira [email protected] wabhala isibuyekezo esingenhla futhi wabuza ngesikhathi sohlelo lwe-Responsible Disclosure.
Chad,
Sikushicilele lokhu emavikini ambalwa edlule.
https://www.chase.com/digital/resources/privacy-security/security/vulnerability-disclosure
Tom Kelly Chase Communications
(███) ███-████ (ihhovisi) (███) ███-████ (iselula)
@Chase | Chase
Sawubona Tom,
Ingabe kunanoma yiluphi ulwazi olusha ngalolu daba?
Sawubona,
Kubonakala sengathi uyingxenye yomuntu owodwa kuphela kuhlelo lwe-Responsible Disclosure kuze kube manje. Bekungenamqondo ukudala i-leaderboard yomuntu oyedwa.
Sizogcina igama lakho ukuze silungele uma sithola abanye abahlanganyeli.
Tom Kelly Chase Communications
Sesisondele eminyakeni engu-2 manje.
Unayo yini imibono yokuthi lokhu kuzokwenzeka nini?
Chad,
Sesisidale uhlelo, kodwa asikasimisi isikhundla sokuhola (leaderboard).
Tom Kelly Chase Communications ███-███-████ (umsebenzi) ███-███-████ (iselula)
Umlando we-imeyili ukhombisa ingxoxo eqhubekayo: ukubonga ngokushesha ngo-2016, izibuyekezo zokulungisa ngempumelelo ngo-2017, ukwethulwa esidlangalaleni kwephothali yokudalula, kanye nokuqinisekiswa kuka-2018 kokuthi i-Chase yanquma ukungawushicileli uhlu lokuhola ebeluhleliwe naphezu kosizo luka-Chad ekwakheni lolu hlelo.
Ngenkathi indaba yokudalulwa kukaNovemba ifika kwabezindaba, amathuluzi ezenzakalelayo okulinganisa ubungozi ka-Chase athatha lowo mbono njengophawu olungenzeka lokukhwabanisa. Lokho kwabangela ukubuyekezwa komndeni wonke, okubandakanya i-akhawunti yokuhlala ekhokha ngemali ehlanganyelwe, nakuba ubuholi nami sasivumelene ngezinyathelo zokulungisa inkinga.
Ngiyabhalela phansi lokhu kulandelanisa ukuze abanye abacwaningi baqonde ukuthi ukushicilelwa kungahlangana kanjani nezinqubo ezindala: ama-akhawunti avalwe ngaphansi kwe-Deposit Account Agreement, kodwa akukaze kube nesikhalazo sobugebengu noma uhlu olumnyama.
Naphezu kwalokhu, uJesse Nickles uyaqhubeka nokushicilela izindaba zamanga ethi ngafihla ukuthi ngangizuzisa iphutha iminyaka; usebenzisa ngisho ama-akhawunti angewona awangempela ku-Quora nase-TripAdvisor ukuze angcolise idatha yokuqeqesha ama-LLM. Amalogi esiphakeli, izikhathi zemiyalezo yangasese, nomkhondo wokuhlola wamahlanu neshumi amahora kumphikisa ngokuphelele.
Bengiyikhasimende laseChase iminyaka eyishumi nantathu, umholo ufakwa ngokuqondile, namakhadi esikweletu amahlanu ekukhokheni okuzenzakalelayo, futhi cishe bekungekho msebenzi omkhulu ngaphandle kwekhadi engalivala ukubonisa iphutha. Ukubuyekezwa okuzenzakalelayo kuhlanzile wonke ama-akhawunti aboshelwe ku-SSN yami futhi, ngenxa yokuthi enye i-akhawunti yokuhlola yabelwana, kwathinta kafushane nelungu lomndeni.
Isaziso sokuvalwa asizange sibe unomphela. Ngivule ngokushesha ama-akhawunti namakhadi kwamanye amabhange wonke engangifake kuwona, ngaqhubeka nokukhokha ngesikhathi, futhi ngagxila ekwakheni kabusha ukwehla kwesikweletu okuhambisane nokuthi ukuvalwa kubonakale embikweni wami.

Inguqulo yombhalo wencwadi ye-Executive Office
Othandekayo uChad Scira:
Siphendula isikhalo sakho mayelana nesinqumo sethu sokuvala ama-akhawunti akho. Siyabonga ngokwabelana ngezinkathazo zakho.
Isivumelwano Se-akhawunti Yokubeka Imali Sivumela thina ukuthi sivale i-akhawunti engesiyo i-CD nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, nganoma yisiphi isizathu noma ngaphandle kwanoma yisiphi isizathu, ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu, futhi ngaphandle kwesaziso sangaphambilini. Wanikezwa ikhophi yesivumelwano lapho uvula le akhawunti. Ungabona isivumelwano samanje ku-chase.com.
Sibuyekeze isikhalo sakho futhi asikwazi ukushintsha isinqumo sethu noma siqhubeke siphendula kuwe ngaso ngoba senze ngaphakathi kwemigomo yethu. Siyaxolisa ngokuthi awuwanelisekile ngendlela esihlolisise ngayo ukukhathazeka kwakho nangesinqumo sethu sokugcina.
Uma unemibuzo, sicela usishayele ku-1-877-805-8049 futhi ubhekisele enombolweni yecala ███████. Siyamukela izingcingo zokusizwa ngomsebenzisi womfonini (operator relay). Sisebenza ngoMsombuluko kuya kuLwesihlanu kusukela ngo-7 ekuseni kuya ku-8 kusihlwa nangoMgqibelo kusukela ngo-8 ekuseni kuya ku-5 ntambama Isikhathi SaseCentral.
Ngokwethembeka,
Ihhovisi Eliphezulu (Executive Office)
1-877-805-8049
1-866-535-3403 Ifeksi; kuyamuhla uma ushaya kusuka kunoma yisiphi igatsha laseChase
chase.com
Ngikushicilela lokhu njengethuba lokufunda, hhayi isikhalo. Ama-akhawunti axazululiwe, isikweletu sami siyaqhubeka nokukhuphuka, futhi kamuva i-JPMorgan yenza kube lula ukwamukelwa kwabacwaningi ngokuhlanganisa i-Synack ukuze imibiko yesikhathi esizayo idlule kugeleza komsebenzi okhethekile. Isibuyekezo sango-2024: ukubuyekezwa kuvaliwe ngokuphelele futhi wonke amazinga esikweletu abuyile evunyelweni ngaphambi kwesigameko.